Rule 4. Summons
. . .
(k) Territorial Limits of Effective Service.

(1) In General. Serving a summons or filing a waiver of service establishes personal jurisdiction over a defendant:

(A) who is subject to the jurisdiction of a court of general jurisdiction in the state where the district court is located;

(B) who is a party joined under Rule 14 [this is an impleader - that is when a sued party joins a third party, such as
an insurer, who will be liable to the sued party if the sued party loses against the person suing him] or 19 [this is a rule
for joining necessary parties, about which we will learn more later]and is served within a judicial district of the United
States and not more than 100 miles from where the summons was issued;

(C) when authorized by a federal statute.

(2) Federal Claim Outside State-Court Jurisdiction. For a claim that arises under federal law, serving a summons or filing a
waiver of service establishes personal jurisdiction over a defendant if:

(A) the defendant is not subject to jurisdiction in any state’s courts of general jurisdiction; and

(B) exercising jurisdiction is consistent with the United States Constitution and laws.